Social Exchange Theory Essays - 1531 Words

Social Exchange Theory 2 Application of: The Social Exchange Theory In everyday interactions people are always looking to have a positive experience among those with whom they interact. According to the Social Exchange theory, with each interaction an individual has with another, that individual attempts to maximize the positive outcomes and minimize the negative. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Social Exchange theory to an authentic real life situation to best illustrate the theory and the key concepts that it holds. In applying the social exchange theory from demonstration, to application, to then explanation, a better understanding in terms of the value of the theory will be shown, as well as the function that it†¦show more content†¦According to West and Turner this is critical to the Social Exchange Theory (182). The theory rests on the notion that within the limits of the information that is available to them, people will calculate the costs and rewards of a given situation and guide their behaviors accordingly West Turn er 182). Meaning that people are always calculating the rewards and costs for each situation they are put into, and those rewards or costs determine the outcome of their decision-making. Along with assumptions for the Social Exchange there is another factor that plays a key role. Relating to the concept of cost and rewards is the comparison level or CL. The comparison level is a standard representing what people feel they should receive in the way of rewards and costs from a particular relationship (West Turner 184). Therefore the individual weighs the pros and cons of the relationship. If the cons are an Social Exchange Theory 5 acceptable amount, then the relationship should very well stay the same. However, if the costs far outweigh the rewards, then there is what is called a comparison level for alternatives (CLalt). As stated by West and Turner, this refers to the lowest level of relational rewards a person is willing to accept given available rewards from alternative relationships of being alone (185). Signifying that the CLalt measures how people evaluate a relationship compared to the realistic alternativesShow MoreRelatedSocial Exchange Theory1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Social Exchange Theory was created by researchers John W. Thibaut and Harold H. Kelley, was an attempt to everyday interpersonal relationships. This theory, with backgrounds in sociology and economics, appeals to so many because of it simple answers to human interaction and intentions. The social exchange theory is very rational and considers humans to be rational in every thought they make. It examines human behavior through co sts and benefits of being in a particular relationship. The theoryRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory2516 Words   |  11 PagesTheories Of Relationship Theories Of Relationship [Document Title] [Document Title] Elizabeth Wiwoloku Elizabeth Wiwoloku Introduction There are two main theories applied to relationships, Social Exchange Theory and Equity Theory underpin commonly used behavioural therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. More recent studies in neuroscience and behavior and the importance of language have led to theRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Exchange Theory Essay2323 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the course of this week’s discussion we will examine the social exchange theory (SET); Dr. Cone did a great job presenting SET to us in this week’s media, I hope you all enjoyed it. Now, we can further consider it by applying the concepts to real life situations such as our family case study, our own family, or other examples you find to be beneficial to you and our collective growth as future APNs. In order to guide our discussion and to have a meaningful learning experience I would encourageRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory And Socia l Interaction982 Words   |  4 Pagesothers when we are infants. Our parents begin socializing with us during this time, forcing our exchanges with them and others to become â€Å"trained†. Building these social relationships requires exchanges that are associated with rewards and costs. Chibucos Leite (2005), believe that in social situations, one will select only those behaviors that increase their chances of meeting egocentricities in social situations. In a relationship, if one sees a relationship as having more benefits than risks,Read MoreTheory, Social Exchange Theory And Symbolic Convergence Theory1249 Words   |  5 PagesTheories are a way humans try to explain the world by what they see happen in time. Theories are an observed phenomenon that occur a multitude of times. When these events are observed, humans need an explanation for these events. When one finds this explanation, it is called a theory. Theories apply to many different aspects of life. Small group theories create explanations for what happens when a group of people get together for one purpose; or a goal. What happens when different types people withRead More Social Exchange Theory Essay examples1557 Words   |  7 Pagesbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Social Exchange Theory 2 Application of: The Social Exchange Theory In everyday interactions people are always looking to have a positive experience among those with whom they interact. According to the Social Exchange theory, with each interaction an individual has with another, that individual attempts to maximize the positive outcomes and minimize the negative. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Social Exchange theory to an authentic real life situationRead MoreThe Social Exchange Theory in Interpersonal Relationships1577 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent levels of interpersonal communication and theories of interpersonal communication. One of the theories that is used to explain changes in social behavior is the social exchange theory. The social exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process between two people. The basic concept of the exchange theory is that it emphasizes the cost between the interactions of people and their social environment. Exchange theory attempts to explain human behavior under the contentRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory, And Uncertainty Events1757 Words   |  8 Pagestheir relationship and they conclude their issues started after they got married. Hence, within this paper, I will take a closer look at Jose and Denise’s scenario and analyze how their case exhibits three communication concepts: avoiding, social exchange theory, and uncertainty events. After the analysis, I will give detailed recommendations on what should be done in the future to improve their communication and relationships. In Jose and Denise’s situation, Denise started having concerns overRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory by George Homans Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Exchange theory was created by George Homans in 1958. Since its publication as â€Å"Social Behavior as Exchange†, several other theorists like Peter Blau, Richard Emerson, John Thibaut, and Harold Kelley have contributed to the theory. Before diving into the biggest concepts of this theory, two main properties need to be discussed. This theory is all about social exchanges, which are essentially reactions and decisions in relationships. The two properties are self-interest and interdependenceRead MoreThe Social Exchange Theory : Catfish, By Ariel Schulman And Henry Joost1111 Words   |  5 Pageshuman behavior, is dubbed the Social Exchange Theory. In the documentary Catfish, directed by Ariel Schulman and Henry Joost, Nev Schulman and â€Å"Meghan†, who Angela pretends to be, continue to grow their relation ship until the cost of the dyad becomes too much for Nev to simply enjoy. This causes Nev to reconsider what this relationship means to him, before making a decision on whether it’s worth keeping or not in several different contexts. While the Social Exchange Theory sounds like a basic concept

Carl Rogers And The Reaction Against Psychoanalytic Therapy

The founder of this therapy, was none other than Carl Rogers. He developed his therapy in the 1940s as a reaction against psychoanalytic therapy. Based on a subjective view of human experience, it emphasizes the client s resources for becoming self-aware and for resolving blocks to personal growth (Corey, 2017, p. 101). However, during the 1950s, Client-centered Therapy went from focusing on nondirective methods to focusing more on the clients themselves. From the 50s to the 70s, this therapy became research based; and then by the 90s, this therapy became a way to help clients obtain, possess, share, or surrender power and control over themselves, thus empowering them to help themselves. (Corey, 2017, p. 101). Much like Existential, person-centered uses many different methods in order to reach a finishing point in therapy. Person-centered Therapy respects the clients experiences, allows them to have uniqueness and in, trust in the client-therapist relationship, offers freedom, responsibility, and searches for meaning and purpose. However, this therapy (unlike Existentialism), is considered a humanistic therapy and is thus, more optimistic and has more of a natural potential (or progression). Maslow eventually added to humanistic therapies (including person-centered), and brought about the hierarchy of needs; which has five levels one must go through to reach a state of self-actualization. These steps are as follows: psychological needs, safety needs, belongingness andShow MoreRelatedHuman Nature According to Psychoanalysis and the Humanistic Psychology993 Words   |  4 Pages As Carl Jung stated â€Å" As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light of meaning in the darkness of mere being†. Reflecting on what it is to be a person raises profound questions which have been very much theRead MoreFreuds and Rogers Theories of Personality Psychotherapy1004 Words   |  4 PagesFreuds and Rogers Theories Personality Psychotherapy A comparison of Freud and Rogers theories of personality and psychotherapy Personality is the description of an individual through how the individual demonstrates his or her emotions and building relationship and their behavioral patterns. Two neurologists developed two theories to explain the formation of personalities. They were neurologist Sigmund Freud and psychologist Carl Rogers. Rogers and Freud worked in the field of psychotherapyRead MoreCarl Rogers2769 Words   |  12 PagesCarl Rogers There are numerous personality theories one could choose from in pursuit of an explanation on human behavior. Some theories focus on stages of development, complete unconscious control, or the concept that personality is governed by a pre-disposition directly related to genetic tendencies. Carl Rogers, however, focused his theory, the Person-Centered Theory, on the basis that individuals are self-actualizing and learn and develop in response to current circumstances. According toRead MoreFreudi A Freudian Slip Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pagesdetermined by unconscious thoughts, memories etc. He compared the mind to an iceberg, with the tip of the iceberg being the conscious mind and the larger part as being the unconscious mind. Bernstein (1997) Further key issues within Freudian, or psychoanalytic approach is include the structure of mental apparatus, that being the Id, Ego and Super Ego (McLeod, 2003), three connecting systems that constantly interact with one another in order to regulate the behaviour of the individual (Hough, 1998).Read MoreEssay about Three Main Approaches in Counseling Psychology2501 Words   |  11 Pagesimportance of techniques in bringing about positive change in the client (Relation ship) between Clint the therapist .Therapy Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian physician In 1900 he was both the medical doctor(nurologist) and philosopher, Fraud who was founder of the study of psychoanalysis also known as the study of the unconscious mind A key assumption of the psychoanalytic theory is that much of human behaviour is determined by unconscious thoughts, wishes, memories and so on. What humanRead MoreRogers: Father of Humanistic Movement Person-Centered Therapy1987 Words   |  8 PagesCarl Rogers is the father of the humanistic movement in psychotherapy His core theme in therapy is non-judgmental listening acceptance of the client, better known as unconditional positive regard His therapeutic approach is known as the Person Centered Therapy, which is based on the concepts of humanistic psychology shares many of the concepts of Existentialism Both of these concepts share the idea that the client can make positive constructive choices His approach is also based on the theoryRead MorePerson Centered Therapy1424 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: A BRIEF CRITIQUE OF PERSON CENTERED THERAPY A Brief Critique of Person Centered Therapy Date of submission: 11.09.2008 A Brief Critique of Person Centered Therapy â€Å"Existential therapy is a process of searching for the value and meaning in life† â€Å"(Corey, p. 131) with a focus on central concerns of the person’s existence; Such as death, freedom, existential isolation and meaningless. â€Å"Existential therapy can best be described as a philosophical approachRead MoreThe History of person Centred Counselling2289 Words   |  10 Pages Person Centred Counselling was developed by Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987), a leading American psychologist who was along with Abraham Maslow a major theorist of Humanistic Therapy which developed in the 1950. It is sometimes called the third force distinct from psychoanalyzes and behaviourism. It proposed that therapy could be simpler, warmer and more optimistic and that the client himself has the solution to his difficulties andRead MorePerson Centered Therapy1784 Words   |  8 PagesPCT Essay 1 Running head: AN ILLUSTRATION OF PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY What do you consider to be the strengths and weaknesses of the person-centered approach? What concepts and methods might build effective bonds with clients? Discuss any shortcomings in staying with this orientation. Word Count: 2214 * * i  ¦* / PCT Essay 2 Abstract This essay would attempt to explain the fundamental concepts and therapeutic methodologies that might build effective bonds with clientsRead MoreCase Study Gloria1959 Words   |  8 Pagescase study of the therapeutic session of Dr Carl Rogers and his client, Gloria. I will give a brief account of the presenting problem and some theory of Person Centred Therapy to enable me to observe and analyse the techniques used as a strategy to self actualisation. Using transcripts, I will identify some of these skills and observe how effective they were by observing Gloria. I will discuss my opinion of the counselling session and evaluate Dr Rogers’ strengths and weaknesses. In closing I will

Reduction of Accounting Fraud-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Does the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act really work to reduce accounting fraud? Answer: Research Title Does the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act really work to reduce accounting fraud? Introduction The Sarbanes-Oxley Act came into existence so that the management of public companies can assess the effectiveness of internal control of issuers for financial reporting. According to Section 404 (b), it was mentioned that the Act need a public held company auditor to attest and report on the management assessment regarding their internal control activities. When Congress suddenly passed Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, they had in mind to combat fraud that will improve the dependability of financial reporting as well as reinstate confidence among the investors (Willits Nicholls, 2014). The most troublesome element of Sarbanes-Oxley Act was Section 404 where the main responsibility of the manager was to uphold a sound internal control arrangement for monetary coverage as well as assessing its own effectiveness. The responsibility of an auditor is to show to the soundness of assessing the organization as well as report to the state of overall financial control scheme. After implementation of Sarbanes Oxley Act, many accounting fraud and scams could be noted and lead to reduce accounting fraud. The Enron Scandal is a well-known one to all where companies did whatever they can do for preventing employee fraud. To that, companies have not fundamentally changed their fraud prevention policies as well as events (Basile, Handy Fret, 2015). Sarbanes-Oxley Act had been the answer to many of the fraud activities. This Act was planned to restore faith in the truthfulness of business as well as executives that had not been measured yet that can have impact on fraud. Rules under Sarbanes-Oxley Act create an exclusive paperwork exercise for companies. Aims and objectives of the research Research Aim The main aim of the research study is to find out how far implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley Act helped in reducing accounting fraud. Research Objectives To find out whether Sarbanes-Oxley Act helped in reducing accounting fraud To highlight the reason behind less accounting fraud today (Garner, McKee McKee, 2014) To discuss how whistleblowers make potential violators think twice before planning for fraudulent activities To elaborate on facts as to why accounting frauds has not gone away completely irrespective of controls, detection and incentives (Abdioglu et al., 2015). Research Question Does the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act really work to reduce accounting fraud? What is the reason behind less accounting fraud recently? How whistleblowers make potential violators think twice before planning for fraudulent activities? Why accounting fraud has not gone away completely besides so much of improvements, control, detection and incentives? Literature Review As rightly put forward by Pompper (2014), Sarbanes-Oxley Act has cost companies million of dollars yearly at the time of implementation with a rough estimation of $1 trillion. Though, this has been a huge money-making chance for the consultants who are engaged in assisting with Sarbanes-Oxley compliance and values that it adds to the business stakeholders. There is good evidence that Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has enhanced the quality of financial reporting by improving the audit committees, audit profession as well as internal controls and individual accountability (Basile, Handy Fret, 2015). According to Kim (2014), Sarbanes-Oxley Act focused mainly on bringing improvement within the Audit Committees, auditing as well as internal control disclosures that is not directly linked to fraud prevention activities. Improvement is needed in areas that will help in minimizing the opportunities for committing fraud but there will be possibility of management to override with the inherent limitations of inherent controls. As opined by Basile, Handy Fret (2015), Sarbanes-Oxley Act may get credit for reducing the number of restatements but it is not clear whether the reduced number of restatements can be positive or negative. In recent times, managers are using earnings revision rather than item 404 restatements so that they can handle errors and avoid any clawbacks on executive bonuses as well as shareholder lawsuits. Therefore, frequent revisions actually raised questions about the internal controls that surround with the accounts revised (Karim, Shaikh Hock, 2014). As rightly put forward by Willits Nicholls (2014), Sarbanes-Oxley Act was feel-good legislation where shareholder as well as users of financial statements was feeling better after the big business frauds became public. With government intervention, it was possible that public companies should now take action against fraud. This Act came out suddenly just to pacify the investors as well as general public and due to this the legislation lack the impact that everyone was interested in. The Act actually specifies that company to proactively prevent as well as detect fraud action but at the same time, the law should mention the comprehensive certification of the events. Proactive companies have already realized the advantages from the work being done that complies with Sarbanes-Oxley Act even for the fact that the legislation requires few definite changes in the way how trade is being conducted. The documentation required Sarbanes-Oxley Act that causes companies for evaluating some of th e procedures and determining the most standardized procedures when needed. A major role had been played by Business Corporation while undertaking the internal audit function (Garner, McKee McKee, 2014). The internal auditor has stronger presence in terms of risk and control of company as it adds value to the business organization. Furthermore, the Board of Directors plays important role in most of the companies especially in areas of controls as well as governance. It was not required for proactive fraud prevention as most of the company showed interest in making improvements at organizational level. These companies took the advantage of the opportunity for improving anti-fraud process in their operations (Abdioglu et al., 2015). Sarbanes-Oxley Act was recognized mainly as a direct reaction to the accounting indiscretion as well as fraud that took place in the accounting firm such as Enron. The company actually had weak internal control, conflicting interests with the external auditors as well as abuse of off-balance sheet entities (Garner, McKee McKee, 2014). Sarbanes-Oxley Act could easily confront all these issues. As opined by Willits Nicholls (2014), Sarbanes-Oxley Act was been accepted by everyone. This Act came into existence to make any difference in preventing future fraud. It is argued by some people that the Act will add unnecessary costs as well as diverts the management attention from its primary mission of innovation, profitability and competitiveness. Sarbanes-Oxley Acts strengthening of internal control The internal control requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley Act are quite extensive. As mentioned in Section 404, the Act deals with internal control that has received quite bit of criticism as well as opposition to its demanding requirements (Garner, McKee McKee, 2014). In addition, the auditing standards is the process that is designed for providing reasonable assurance in the areas such as efficiency, competence of operations as well as dependability of financial reporting and observance with all the laws and regulations (Basile, Handy Fret, 2015). Sarbanes-Oxley Act actually speaks in three main areas of internal control such as management assessment of internal control, new audit committee provisions as well as code of ethics for senior financial managers. Furthermore, the main purpose of the Act is to strengthen internal control after looking at the internal control of Enron that had lead to collapse of the company. Most of the people are of the opinion that the Act adds cost weight of the internal control requirements that do not add enough value to the smaller companies (Abdioglu et al., 2015). The opportunities for accounting fraud are always present at higher levels of company where there are many accounting frauds that take place. It is mostly of the reason when management has the ability for overriding even effective internal controls (Basile, Handy Fret, 2015). It is all about opportunities of accounting fraud that had enhanced to detect the fraudulent practices in the company. People are getting involved in committing accounting fraud due to pressure and the accounting fraud include desire to increase personal wealth or obtaining promotions, efforts for maintaining or elevating social status as well as making an attempt to escape from penalties of poor performance that postpone the dealing with financial difficulties (Garner, McKee McKee, 2014). Research Methodology Research Type Secondary research will be conducted by the researcher to find out whether implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley Act had actually worked to reduce accounting fraud. Research Onion Figure: Research Onion (Source: Gast Ledford, 2014). Research Design The secondary research will be conducted by the researcher that is based on mono method approach that includes only qualitative research design. Here, qualitative research design means a systematic subjective approach that is mainly used in the research study to define any type of real-life experiences and give the researcher a meaningful connotation. The current research is conducted to find out whether implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley Act had actually worked to reduce accounting fraud by the researcher through use of secondary data information. In this particular study, researcher will be using case study approach for gathering the qualitative data from reports, observations and documents. It is quite important for the researcher to collected information from collapse of Enron company scandal as this scandal is popular one and it can be linked with use of Sarbanes-Oxley Act. By using the Act, the scandal could have been improved and this will be a positive finding for the researche r (Glesne, 2015). Research Philosophy The researcher will be using Interpretivism research philosophy for conducting the research study to find out whether implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley Act had actually worked to reduce accounting fraud. Interpretivism research philosophy deals with emotional side of human beings. Positivism and realism cannot be used as it deals with quantitative data activities that are not possible in this particular research study (Mackey Gass, 2015). Research Approach The researcher will be using Deductive approach rather than inductive approach to find out whether implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley Act had actually worked to reduce accounting frauds. The reason for selecting deductive approach is that as the research mainly focuses on investigating whether the known concept of Sarbanes-Oxley Act is valid or not. This particular research will create a hypothesis that is based on identified concepts that will test validity by comparing it with the secondary data. Inductive approach cannot be used by the research as none of the concepts are new or innovative that needs to be researched. Deductive approach can only be used as existing concepts need to be analyzed and drawn conclusion at the end by the researcher (Panneerselvam, 2014). Data Analysis Qualitative data will be collected by the researcher through thematic data analysis approach. Secondary data will be collected by the researcher from peer-reviewed journal articles, academic books and authentic websites (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). A source of secondary data will be collected by the researcher from the field of research such as journal Efficacy of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in curbing corporate fraud (Rolf, 2005). The source can be found from https://www.rivier.edu/journal/ROAJ-2005-Fall/J11-ROLF.pdf. Researcher will be using secondary data that aligns with the research topic as well as identifying the research gaps that need to be covered in the next pape Proposed Timetable RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th and 5th week 5th and 6th week Research Topic Selection Developing Research Plan Literature Review Research Design Research Methodology Findings and Analysis Of Secondary Data Constructive Argument Initial Draft Conclusion And Recommendation Final Submission Reference List Abdioglu, N., Bamiatzi, V., Cavusgil, S. T., Khurshed, A., Stathopoulos, K. (2015). Information asymmetry, disclosure and foreign institutional investment: An empirical investigation of the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.International Business Review,24(5), 902-915. Basile, A., Handy, S., Fret, F. N. (2015). A Retrospective Look at the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002-Has it accomplished its original purpose?.Journal of Applied Business Research,31(2), 585. Garner, D. E., McKee, D. L., McKee, Y. A. (2014).Accounting and the global economy after Sarbanes-Oxley. Routledge. Gast, D. L., Ledford, J. R. (Eds.). (2014).Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Glesne, C. (2015).Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Pearson. Karim, A. M., Shaikh, J. M., Hock, O. Y. (2014). Perception of creative accounting techniques and applications and review of Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002: a gap analysissolution among auditors and accountants in Bangladesh.Port City International University Journal,1(2), 1-12. Kim, S. (2014). Commentaries on Sarbanes Oxley Law of 2002-Impact on Accounting Profession, Corporate Governance and Management.Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Commerce,6(3), 1-18. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Panneerselvam, R. (2014).Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Pompper, D. (2014). The sarbanes-oxley act: impact, processes, and roles for strategic communication.International Journal of Strategic Communication,8(3), 130-145. Rolf, C. (2005). Efficacy of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in Curbing Corporate Fraud. Rivier College Online Academic Journal, 1 (1), 1-16. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Willits, S. D., Nicholls, C. (2014). Is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Working?.The CPA Journal,84(4), 38.

Small Elegy Essay Essays - Volta, Literature, Poetry, British Poetry

Small Elegy Essay The title of this specific piece of poetry is A Small Elegy. Now, this title does not really give a reader much to go on. The only thing one would know about this poem is that it is a small one and that it may be about a deceased person or someone who new someone who dies. I say this because elegy is derived from the Latin elegia , which means; A poem or song composed especially as a lament for a deceased person. From the beginning, A Small Elegy dramatically establishes that the speaker a stand-in for the poet, is by himself talking to himself. He was with other people, but now he is completely alone--his friends gone, his beloved sleeping elsewhere, unconscious, far away. The speaker is the sole operating consciousness mourning in a world where everyone else is asleep. Against the pitch-black darkness he starts saying things to himself, using white words, which I take to mean words that have a kind of unselfconscious purity about them. He daydreams about his mother ,an autumnal recollection, and that in turn moves him back toward his childhood home where his mother seems still to preside--diminished now over an outmoded world. She is smaller, more vulnerable, someone to be protected. Matku, he says tenderly in Czech, Mon maminku, my little mommy, which the translator has rendered as my diminutive mom. He imagines that after all these years she's still sitting back there, quietly uncomplaini ng, thinking about his father who died so long ago. It is the next moment in the poem, when the tense radically changes, that I find especially compelling. And then she is skinning fruit for me, he says, I am in the room. Sitting right next to her. He doesn't say And then she was skinning fruit for me, but instead finds himself catapulted into the past as a living present. He has been wrenched out of one time into another. The amplitude of his feeling is nearly unbearable and he starts shaking his fist at God, using a child's language, calling him a ''bully because now he is aware that God has taken away so much, because so much is lost. And he then proceeds with the ruthlessness of a logical proposition to face what can no longer be evaded. Because of all those hours I slept soundly, through calm nights, he declares that is, because of all those nights when he was safe and unconscious. Because of all the loved ones who are deep in dreams That is, because of all those who are uncons cious now, unaware of the peril that surrounds them he realizes that time is running out and announces: I can't stand being here by myself. The lamplight's too strong. Here the lamplight becomes the emblem of a consciousness that is too much to bear, an isolation that is killing: I am sowing grain on the headland. I will not live long. The recognition here is that what he is planting is endangered, imperiled, and vulnerable. What he plants he will not be able to protect. The sowing of grain on the headland is his last gesture, his way of putting a message in a bottle when he knows he won't last much longer. The poem concludes with a terrible recognition. When I read it, my impulse is to wake up everyone around me everyone l love before it is too late. In conclusion this poem is just one stanza that contains twenty-four lines. The poet refers to the speaker as 'I' and he also uses the words 'my' and 'myself' which lead me to the conclusion that this poem was written in the first person. The speaker in this poem recalls his past after his friends have left and his darling (wife, girlfriend, child) is asleep. He first begins to think of his mother then gets to his father. The speaker is empty inside because he has suffered so much great loss. He has suffered so much that he curses God and calls him a bully and he says to himself that he cant stand being alone for any longer and he also says that he will not live long which may imply that his